How do I apply for Canadian citizenship after getting permanent residence?

Applying for Canadian citizenship is a federal process governed by the Citizenship Act and administered by IRCC — it is entirely separate from Ontario's jurisdiction. To be eligible to apply, you must meet a physical presence requirement calculated over a set reference period before your application date. The specific number of days and how partial days, periods as a temporary resident, and time abroad are counted are all set by federal rules.

Beyond the physical presence requirement, applicants between certain ages must demonstrate knowledge of Canada and of the rights and responsibilities of citizenship by passing a written test. You must also demonstrate language proficiency in English or French at a level sufficient to understand the test and communicate with an officer. You must file your income taxes as required under the Income Tax Act, and you must not be inadmissible on certain grounds.

Once your application is approved, you take a Citizenship Oath at a ceremony. There is also a government processing fee. Processing times vary and change — check the IRCC website for current estimates. A lawyer can help you calculate whether you currently meet the physical presence requirement and identify any issues that might affect your application before you submit.